thyroid hormone insufficiency

effect on other hormones regulation/activity

cellular glucose uptake decreases: not sufficient even if insulin is present as required

- hyperglycaemia - NIDDM

steroidogenesis decreases

- lower levels of sexual steroides

decreased estrogen/progesterone levels

decreased female fertility or increased rate of sopntaneous abortion

testosterone decrease yield

poor semen quality, feminin character

- lower levels of mineralo-corticoides

bone calcification disorders - osteoporosis

cellular metabolism/catabolism:

- the sugar is converted to lipids and not gycogen, lipids stored in cells

lipid metabolism:

- increase of blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels

- facilitate lipid storage and not glycogen synthesis (Krebs-Szentgyörgyi cycle)

adipocyte proliferation:

- overweight, BMI increase

- incresing risk of vessel blockage

- stroke, heart attack (both sexes)

circulation:

- incerased blood lipid levels - plaque formation

- decreased elasticity of vessel walls

increasing blood pressure

hypertension

potential diseases and dysfunctions originating from early (fetal-neonatal) exposures to EDs

irreversible effects in case of early exposition

in summary: "The Metabolic Syndrome"

overweight, NIDDM, hypertension, hypercholesterinaemia, osteoporosis, decreased fertility

ED action on

immune system:

- increased rate of autoimmune responses

- increased ocurrence of rheumatic diseases

- ex. autoimmune thyreoiditis (Hashimoto syndrome) - hypothyreodism

frequncy grows continously, now 12% of EU population suffers in sub-clinical hypothyreodism !! (it was a 'rare symptom' in the 50’s)